Double-stranded RNA unwinding and modifying activity is detected ubiquitously in primary tissues and cell lines.

A double-stranded RNA unwinding and modifying activity was found to be present in a wide range of tissues and cell types. The level of activity did not vary significantly with respect to the state of cell differentiation, cell cycle, or transformation. Thus, the unwinding and modifying activity, localized in the nucleus in somatic cells and capable of converting many adenosine residues to inosine, appears to be one of the housekeeping genes.     

Albumin — vitamin D-binding protein haplotypes in Asian-Pacific populations

Summary We have determined the various haplotypic combinations between alleles as well as restriction fragment length polymorphisms of two linked genetic markers, albumin and vitamin D-binding protein or group-specific component, in a number of Asian-Pacific populations. Using the partial maximum likelihood method, we constructed a phylogenetic network from the haplotype frequencies to assess relationships among the populations sampled. No systematic linkage disequilibrium was detected between most of the combinations, suggesting a lack of operation of any selection pressure at the two loci. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the known interrelationships among various populations in the Asian-Pacific region. The Australian aborigines clustered closely with the non-Austronesian-speaking highlanders from Papua New Guinea, as expected. Similarly, the Austronesian-speaking Polynesians, Micronesians, and the Southeast Asians branched off together as a separate group. The position of the Austronesian-speaking Tolais from New Britain with respect to other populations from the Southwest Pacific was anomalous. The Tolais revealed a strong affinity with the Australian aborigines, which is inexplicable. The populations from China formed a tight cluster with other populations from the Asian-Pacific region. Genetic interrelationships of these populations with the white Australians were remote, which is in accordance with the known affinities of various human racial groups.     

The effect of ranitidine on cellular immunity in patients with multiple myeloma

Summary Multiple myeloma is characterized by an increased susceptibility to infections and to other malignancies. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study the potential impact of immunomodulation by ranitidine was studied in 20 patients with multiple myeloma. Three patients were untreated, while 17 after previous cytotoxic therapy were in a stable phase of their disease. All were without clinical signs of infections and at that time had not been treated with other immunomodulating agents. The patients were randomized to oral ranitidine 300 mg twice a day for 21 days or placebo, and several immunological parameters related to multiple myeloma were studied. The blood monocyte chemotactic response was improved in patients treated with ranitidine, and superoxide anion production increased from 2.02 nmol/min to 3.86 nmol/min (median values), while it was unchanged in patients given placebo (2.19–2.25 nmol/min) (P <0.005 between groups). Among ranitidine-treated patients spontaneous NK cell activity was unchanged, while in vitro interleukin-2- and interferon--stimulated NK cell activity decreased (P <0.03, respectively). As production of oxygen radicals constitutes an important mechanism of monocyte killing activity against microorganisms and probably against malignant cells, it is suggested that ranitidine may be of beneficial impact in the treatment of multiple myeloma.     

Tissue architectural features for the grading of prostatic carcinoma

In research for the development of a computer-aided workstation for the objective grading of prostatic carcinoma, tissue architectural (histometric) features were analyzed in ten cases each of well-differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated carcinoma (as subjectively graded by the consensus of a panel of experts). Sections were cut at 4 microns, stained by the Feulgen reaction and digitized by two different video-based photometric systems. Some images were interactively segmented, considering the histometric clues to be studied; others were automatically segmented by an expert system-guided technique. The latter procedure produced good results, with over 90% of the nuclei judged to be correctly segmented in 64% of the fields studied and over 80% in another 24% of the fields. While the number of nuclei per field provided some separation of well-differentiated from other lesions, the number of nuclei per gland distinguished between well-differentiated and moderately differentiated lesions. Simplicial decomposition of the images also provided a measure of the degree of differentiation, as did the "texture" of the nuclear placement, based on two run-length statistics. Combination of the run-length features distinguished the three categories of lesions with statistical significance. The results of this study provided insights into the problems (such as the effect of field boundaries) faced in the design of an computer-aided grading system. They also showed the value of expert system-guided scene segmentation and of such histometric features as the field cellularity and the number of nuclei per gland for the discrimination between lesions of different grades of differentiation.     

A physical map of the human salivary proline-rich protein gene cluster covers over 700 kbp of DNA

By using a linking library, we have experimentally linked, ordered, and spaced four of the six loci that constitute the human salivary proline-rich protein (PRP) multigene family. The methods used for mapping these four PRP genes may be useful in other multigene systems in which no probes unique to each member of genes are available, but in which some enzyme site that occurs only once in each member of the family can be found. The remaining two PRP loci have been provisionally mapped and linked within the gene cluster primarily on the basis of the resulting order giving a simple map. The order of the six loci that most simply accounts for our data is PRB2, PRB1, PRB4, PRH2, PRB3, and PRH1. The PRP gene cluster spans at least 700 kbp on chromosome 12 at p13.2. A scheme for the evolution of the cluster that requires an initial gene duplication followed by three unequal but homologous crossovers is given.     

Experiments inducing prospective polar body nuclei to participate in embryogenesis of the sawfly Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera)

Summary Mature eggs dissected from ovaries of unmated females of Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), if placed on a filter-paper soaked with distilled water, are activated and develop to haploid males. Occasionally, however, diploid females develop from these artificially activated eggs. Treatment of mature unfertilized eggs dissected from diploid females with ice-cold temperatures immediately before activation and with a high temperature (36° C) upon and immediately after activation resulted in the production of diploid males, diploid females, triploid females and gynandromorphs at high frequency. The same treatment of mature unfertilized eggs dissected from triploid females resulted in the production of only triploid survivors. These results, together with the results on the segregation of a marker mutation, yellow fatbody (yfb), appear to indicate that meiotic divisions were complete in the treated eggs, and that all four nuclei became potentially capable of participating in development with or without automictic fusion.Studies on the sawfly, Athalia rosae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), part V